Abashakashatsi 10 b'Abanyaburaya bacafye ikarata ya Afrika

Kuva muri Niger gushika muri Congo, kuva mu bugaragwa bwa Sahara gushika mu karere k'Ibiyaga Binini, abo bashakashatsi 10 b'Abanyaburaya bagenze ibirometero ibihumbi n'ibihumbi mu bice bitandukanye vya Afrika hagati y'impera z'ibinjana vya 18 na 19. Ingendo zabo zatumye hacapwa ikarata z'uturere tutari tuzwi cane n'Abanyaburaya, barushiriza no gutahura inzuzi nini n'ubwami butandukanye bwa Afrika.

Ivyo bikorwa vyatumye ubumenyi bwa "sciences" bw'ico gihe bwongerekana buranaguka, ariko kandi vyaranafashije imigambi ya politike, y'ubudandaji n'iy'ubukoroni y'ibihugu vy'i Buraya.

Turagaruka ku rugendo rw'abashakashatsi cumi bagize uruhara runini mu mateka y'ugutohoza no kumenya neza umugabane wa Afrika.

1. David Livingstone (1813-1873)

David Livingstone yavutse ku wa 19 Ntwarante(3) 1813 i Blantyre muri Ecosse. Yari umumisiyonari, umuganga, umushakashatsi w'indondabihugu. Yarungitswe muri Afrika n'ishirahamwe rukirisu London Missionary Society kugira ngo arifashe kwagura ibikorwa vy'ivugabutumwa muri Afrika y'ubumanuko. Yashitse i Cape (muri Afrika y'Epfo y'ubu) ku wa 14 Ntwarante (3) 1841, akaba yari afise imyaka 27. Mu nyuma, ingendo ziwe zaratewe intege ziranashigikirwa mu vy'uburyo na na reta y'Ubwongereza n'ishirahamwe ryaraba ibijanye n'indondabihugu kw'isi 'Royal Geographical Society'. Yageze muri Afrika ari mu bwato bwa HMS Frolic.

Hagati ya 1841 na 1852, yashinze amashengero menshi y'ivugabutumwa mu gihugu ubu citwa Botswana. Hagati ya 1853 na 1856, ni we yabaye uwa mbere mu Banyaburaya yashoboye kujabuka Afrika y'ubumanuko ava ku nkombe z'uburengero yerekeza ku zo mu buseruko, aciye muri Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe na Mozambique. Urwo rugendo rwatumye hacapwa ikarata z'uturere Abanyaburaya batari bwamenye neza. Rwarafashije kandi gutahura inzira nshasha zo kugendamwo mu mazi no kurwanya urudandazwa rw'abaja.

Hagati ya 1858 na 1864, yaratunganije urugendo rwo gutohoza uruzi Zambezi akoresheje ubwato bukoresha umwuka bwitwa Ma-Robert. Mu 1855, ni we yamenyesheje Abanyaburaya amasumo ya Victoria. Vyongeye, yarafashije kumenya neza ibiyaga vya Nyassa (Malawi) na Tanganyika. Urugendo rwiwe rwa nyuma, rwabaye hagati ya 1866 na 1873, rwari rugamije kurondera amasoko y'uruzi Nil. Muri urwo rugendo ni ho yahuriye n'umunyamakuru Henry Morton Stanley i Ujiji muri Tanzaniya mu 1871, aho Stanley yavuze amajambo yamenyekanye cane ati: « Muganga Livingstone, ndakeka ko ari wewe? »

Livingstone ni we Munyaburaya wa mbere yajabutse Afrika y'ubumanuko ava kw'ibahari imwe ashika ku yindi, urugendo rw'ibirometero hafi 10.000 yagize mu bihe bigoye cane. Aracari umwe mu bantu bazwi cane mu mateka y'ugutohoza umugabane wa Afrika. Amaze imyaka 32 aba muri Afrika, yaciye apfa ku wa 1 Rusama (5) 1873 i Chitambo, mu gihugu c'ubu citwa Zambia, afise imyaka 60. Yahitanywe n'ingwara zitandukanye yanduriye aho yagiye araca.

Yamaze imyaka irenga mirongo itatu azunguruka Afrika y'ubumanuko kandi ni we yamenyesheje umugabane wa Buraya amasumo ya Victoria. Ukwiyemeza kwiwe kurwanya urudandazwa rw'abaja kwaratumye arushiriza kumenyekana cane, ariko kandi ingendo ziwe zaranafashije kworohereza ukwaguka kw'ubukoroni bw'Ubwongereza muri Afrika.

2. Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904)

Henry Morton Stanley yavutse yitwa John Rowlands muri Pays de Galles mu 1841, mu buzima bugoye cane. Akiri muto yimukiye muri Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho yabaye umumenyeshamakuru w'ikinyamakuru New York Herald, mu nyuma aronka ubwenegihugu bwa Amerika. Yashitse muri Afrika mu 1867, araheza aba umwe mu bashakashatsi b'Abanyaburaya bazwi cane bagize ingendo zo gutohoza umugabane wa Afrika mu kinjana ca 19.

Mu 1869, ikinyamakuru yakorera camushinze igikorwa co kurondera David Livingstone, yari amaze imyaka myinshi yarabuzwe irengero. Inyuma y'urugendo rurerure mu buseruko bwa Afrika, yamusanze i Ujiji, hafi y'ikiyaga Tanganyika (muri Tanzaniya y'ubu), mu 1871. Ukwo guhura ni kwo kwatumye havuka amajambo yamenyekanye cane agira ati: « Muganga Livingstone, ndakeka ko ari wewe? »

Hagati ya 1874 na 1877, Stanley yararongoye urugendo rukomeye rwo gutohoza akarere k'uruzi Congo. Yakoresheje ubwato bw'ibiti, aherekejwe n'umurwi mutoya w'abantu bamutwaza imizigo. Yaracafye ikarata y'uruzi Congo, aratohoza ibiyaga Victoria na Tanganyika, kandi aha Abanyaburaya ubumenyi buhambaye ku bijanye n'aka karere kari kazwi buhoro ico gihe.

Yaranditse ivyerekeye ingendo ziwe mu bitabu vyinshi, harimwo Through the Dark Continent na In Darkest Africa.

Kuva mu 1879, Stanley yaciye atangura gukorera Umwami Léopold II w'Ububiligi. Yagize uruhara rukomeye mu kwubaka ibikorwa remezo no mu gushiraho amasezerano yatumye hashingwa igihugu cigenga ca Congo. N'ubwo ibikorwa vyiwe nk'umushakashatsi vyemewe kandi bikamenyekana, uruhara rwiwe muri iyo migambi rurananegurwa n'abahinga benshi mu vya kahise. Bamufata nk'umwe mu bafashije gutanguza ubukoroni bw'Ububiligi muri Congo hamwe n'ihohotera ryahakorewe.

Amaze imyaka nka 15 aba muri Afrika, Stanley yaciye yimukira mu Bwongereza. Yahavuye atorwa nk'umushingamateka kuva mu 1895 gushika mu 1900. Mu nyuma yatewe iteka ryo gushirwa mu murwi w'abanyacubahiro bo ku rwego rwo hejuru mu 1899. Yapfiriye i Londres mu 1904 afise imyaka 63.

Inyuma yo kuronka David Livingstone, Stanley yaracafye ikarata y'akarere k'uruzi Congo. Ingendo ziwe zarafashije Umwami Léopold II kwigarurira Congo, ivyo bikaba vyagize ingaruka zikomeye ku banyagihugu. Abatari bake barahasize ubuzima abandi barahohoterwa.

3. Mungo Park (1771-1806)

Mungo Park yavutse mu 1771, muri Ecosse. Yari umuganga n'umushakashatsi yize muri Kaminuza ya Edinburgh. Mu 1795 yaratowe n'ishirahamwe African Association kugira ngo atohoze ibice vy'imbere vya Afrika y'Uburengero, yongere yige inzira y'uruzi Niger.

Yaciye yinjirira muri Gambiya uwo mwaka nyene maze adugana uruzi Gambiya, aca mu turere tugize igihugu ca Mali y'ubu. Mu 1796, yabaye Umunyaburaya wa mbere azwi cane yabonye kandi asobanura uruzi Niger. N'ubwo yahuye n'indwara, agapfungwa amezi menshi, akanagira ingorane nyinshi muri uru rugendo, yarashoboye gusubira mu Bwongereza mu 1797.

Mu 1799, yasohoye igitabu Travels in the Interior of Africa, cakunzwe cane. Muri ico gitabu, yarasobanuye yongera aradondora mu buryo buramvuye uburere butandukanye, abantu n'ibijanye n'ubucuruzi muri Afrika y'Uburengero. Yarafashije kandi kwagura ubumenyi bw'Abanyaburaya ku ruzi Niger, n'ubwo umugambi wiwe wo kumenya aho urwo ruzi rwisuka utashoboye kuranguka.

Mu 1805, Mungo Park yararongoye urugendo rwa kabiri rwo gutohoza, rwafashwe mu mugongo na reta y'Ubwongereza. Ari mu bwato bwitwa Joliba, yatanguye gukurikira uruzi Niger, ariko abo bari kumwe baciye bahitanwa n'indwara zo mu turere dushushe, ku buryo igitigiri cabo cagabanutse cane.

Mu 1806, yapfiriye hafi y'amasumo ya Bussa, muri Nijeriya y'ubu. Yapfuye asomye nturi, inyuma y'intambara yahabereye.

Kubera ingendo ziwe n'ibitabu yanditse, Mungo Park yarongereje cane ubumenyi bw'abo ku mugabane wa Buraya ku bijanye na Afrika y'Uburengero yongera yugurura inzira y'izindi ngendo zo gutohoza zakurikiye.

4. René Caillié (1799-1838)

René Caillié yavutse mu 1799 i Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon, mu ntara ya Deux-Sèvres mu Bufaransa. Yari umushakashatsi azwi cane. Yabaye Umunyaburaya wa mbere yashitse mu gisagara ca Tombouctou agaheza akanagaruka ari muzima. Yarungitswe n'ishirahamwe rikorera mu gisata c'indondabihugu ry'i Paris. Mu 1824, ku myaka 25, ni ho yashika muri Sénégal afise intumbero yo gushika muri ico gisagara cavugwa cane mu migani, agategekanya ko azoca subira i Buraya.

Yashitse aba mu karere ka Bakel, aho yigiye indimi zaho, imigenzo y'abahaba n'uburyo ubucuruzi bwagirwa. Mu kwitegurira urugendo rwiwe, yize ururimi rw'icarabu n'imigenzo y'idini rya Islam, maze yigira uwuri mu rugendo rw'ivy'Imana aturuka muri Misiri. Uwo mugambi waramufashije kurengana mu turere Abanyaburaya batari bemerewe gucamwo. Yagenda ari kumwe n'umurwi w'abadandaza kandi yakoresha ubwato bw'abanyagihugu.

Mu 1827, yavuye ku ruzi Rio Nuñez, ajabuka Fouta-Djalon, aca i Djenné, maze ashika i Tombouctou ku wa 20 Ndamukiza (5) 1828. Ahamaze igihe gito, yifatanije n'umurwi w'abantu wariko uca mu bugaragwa bwa Sahara gushika muri Maroc, hanyuma asubira mu Bufaransa. Ivyo vyatumye aba Umunyaburaya wa mbere yagize urwo rugendo rwose akagaruka ari muzima.

Ashitse mu Bufaransa, yaronse umudari w'inzahabu watanzwe n'Ishirahamwe rikorera mu bijanye n'indondabihugu ry'i Paris, kubera ko ari we wa mbere yazanye inkuru zafatwa nk'iz'ukuri ku gisagara ca Tombouctou. Mu 1830, yasohoye igitabu ciwe citwa Journal d'un voyage à Tombouctou et à Jenné, caciye kiba kimwe mu bitabu bikomeye ku bijanye na Afrika y'Uburengero, n'ubwo mu ntango hari abakekeranya ku kuri kw'ivyo yari yanditse.

René Caillié yapfiriye i La Gripperie-Saint-Symphorien, mu Bufaransa, mu 1838.

5. Richard Francis Burton (1821-1890)

Richard Francis Burton yavutse ku wa 19 Ntwarante 1821 i Torquay, mu ntara ya Devon, mu Bwongereza. Yari umushakashatsi, umwanditsi, umusobanuzi w'ibitabu, umu 'diplomate' n'umuhinga mu vy'indimi n'imico yo mu Buseruko. Amaze gukorera mu gisirikare c'ikigo c'Ubwongereza c'Ubudandaji n'Ubuhinga muri Aziya y'Ubuseruko (British East India Company), aho yaronkeye ubumenyi bukomeye mu ndimi n'imico yo muri ako karere, yaciye yitangira ibikorwa vyo gutohoza isi maze ashika muri Afrika mu 1856.

Burton yari asanzwe azwi cane kubera urugendo rwiwe rw'i Maka n'i Médine, aho yari yagiye yihinduye Umu Islam. Mu nyuma, Royal Geographical Society yamurungitse gutohoza Afrika y'Ubuseruko no kurondera amasoko y'uruzi Nil. Ari kumwe na John Hanning Speke, yaragize ingendo nyinshi mu karere k'Ibiyaga Binini, yongera agira uruhara mu kumenyesha Abanyaburaya ibijanye n'ikiyaga Tanganyika.

Mu ngendo ziwe zitandukanye, Burton yaranditse ibitabu vyinshi bijanye n'ingendo yagize, ubushakashatsi ku moko, hamwe n'ibindi bitabu vyerekeye indimi n'imico y'abantu yagiye arabona. Yaramenyekanye kandi kw'isi yose kubera insobanuro zo mu congereza z'ibitabu Les Mille et Une Nuits na Kama Sutra, zashimagijwe kubera ubumenyi bwinshi yazishizemwo, n'ubwo muri ico gihe zanenguwe na bamwe kubera bimwe mu vyarimwo vyafatwa nk'ubushirasoni.

Richard Burton yapfiriye mu Butaliyano mu 1890 i Trieste. Inyuma y'urupfu rwiwe, umugore wiwe Isabel Burton yaraturiye igice kinini c'ivyo yanditse.

6. John Hanning Speke (1827-1864)

John Hanning Speke yavutse ku wa 4 Rusama (5) 1827 i Orleigh Court, mu ntara ya Devon mu Bwongereza. Yari umusirikare w'ingabo z'Ubwongereza mu Buhindi, mu nyuma araheza aba umushakashatsi. Inyuma yo kugira uruhara mu ntambara zo muri Pendjab, yarakoresha ibihe vyiwe vy'akaruhuko mu gutohoza imisozi ya Himalaya hamwe n'uturere tumwe tumwe twa Tibet.

Yarungitswe na Royal Geographical Society maze ashika muri Afrika y'Ubuseruko mu 1854. Ari kumwe na Richard Francis Burton, babanje kugira urugendo rwo gutohoza Somaliya, mu nyuma baja gutohoza akarere k'Ibiyaga Binini hamwe n'isoko ry'uruzi Nil.

Mu 1858, Speke yashitse ku kiyaga Victoria maze avuga ko ari co soko nyamukuru ry'uruzi Nil. N'ubwo yahuye n'indwara, ibikomere n'ingorane nyinshi z'ugutunganya ingendo, yarabandanije ubushakashatsi bwiwe ari kumwe na James Augustus Grant mu rugendo rwa kabiri rwabaye hagati ya 1860 na 1863. Bari kumwe barakurikiranye uruzi kuva aho rusohokera muri ico kiyaga, ku masumo yitwa ico gihe Ripon Falls, ivyo bikaba vyarakomeje gushigikira iciyumviro ciwe.

Ingendo za Speke zaragize uruhara runini mu bumenyi bw'ivy'isi bwo mu kinjana ca 19 ku bijanye na Afrika y'Ubuseruko. Akivuga ko ikiyaga Victoria ari co soko nyamukuru ry'uruzi Nil, vyateje impari zikomeye mu bahinga mu vya sciences, ariko ubushakashatsi bwakurikiye bwahavuye bushimangira ico ciyumviro.

John Hanning Speke yapfuye ku wa 15 Nyakanga (9) 1864 i Neston Park, mu ntara ya Wiltshire mu Bwongereza, afise imyaka 37. Yahitanywe n'isanganya ryamushikiye igihe yari guhiga.

John Hanning Speke yagumye yibukwa mu mateka kubera ko ari we yerekanye ikiyaga Victoria nk'isoko nyamukuru ry'uruzi Nil, ivyo bikaba vyabaye kimwe mu bintu bihambaye vyaranze amateka y'ugutohoza Afrika y'Ubuseruko.

7. Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (1852-1905)

Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza yavukiye i Roma (mu bihugu vyari birongowe ico gihe n'umwungere mukuru w'Ekleziya) ku wa 26 Nzero 1852. Yari umushakashatsi, intwazangabo yo mu murwi w'abasirikare bo mu mazi, akaba n'umutegetsi w'umukoroni. Mu 1874, yahawe ubwenegihugu bw'Ubufaransa, maze arungikwa na reta y'Ubufaransa kugira ngo atohoze akarere k'uruzi Congo no kugirana amasezerano n'abatware bo muri ako karere.

Yashitse muri Afrika mu 1875, adugana uruzi Ogooué avuye muri Gabon. Gushika mu 1878, yaratohoje uturere tutari tuzwi neza n'Abanyaburaya. Mu rugendo rwa kabiri rwabaye hagati ya 1879 na 1882, yashitse ku ruzi Congo maze agirana amasezerano na Makoko, umwami w'Aba Tékés, ashira ubwami bwiwe munsi y'uburinzi bw'Ubufaransa (protectorat). Ayo masezerano yahaye Ubufaransa uburyo bwo kwagura ububasha bwabwo ku nkengera y'iburyo y'uruzi Congo.

Ku wa 3 Gitugutu (10) 1880, yashinze igisagara ca Brazzaville hafi y'umutumba w'Aba Tékés wa Mfoa, abishikako imbere ya Henry Morton Stanley mu gihe ibihugu vy'i Buraya vyariko birahiganirwa kwigarurira ibice vya Afrika. Brazza yarazwi cane kubera ko yashira imbere ibiganiro n'amasezerano aho gukoresha ibitero vya gisirikare. Ivyo vyatumye aba umwe mu bantu bakomeye bagize uruhara mu kwagura ubukoroni bw'Ubufaransa muri Afrika yo Hagati.

8. Heinrich Barth (1821-1865)

Heinrich Barth yavukiye i Hambourg (mu Budagi) ku wa 16 Ruhuhuma (2) 1821. Yari umushakashatsi, umuhinga mu gisata c'indondabihugu, umuhinga muri kahise no mu bijanye n'indimi. Afatwa nk'umwe mu bahinga bakomeye cane ku bijanye n'akarere ka Sahara muri Afrika mu kinjana ca 19.

Hagati ya 1845 na 1847, yarazungurutse uturere twinshi two ku nkengera z'ikiyaga Mediterane kugira ngo yige indimi, imico n'akaranga vyo muri ubwo burere, hamwe n'imibereho y'abanyagihugu. Mu 1849, yifatanije n'abari mu rugendo rwo gutohoza rwafashwe mu mugongo mu vy'uburyo na reta y'Ubwongereza, rwari rugamije gutohoza ubugaragwa bwa Sahara n'akarere ka Sudani yo hagati.

Inyuma y'urupfu rwa bagenzi biwe James Richardson na Adolf Overweg, Barth yahavuye arubandanya ari wenyene. Gushika mu 1855, yaciye mu bugaragwa bwa Sahara, akarere k'ikiyaga Tchad, mu bihugu vy'Abahausa no mu gisagara ca Tombouctou, agenda yegeranya amakuru y'agaciro kanini ku bijanye n'amoko, ubwami n'inzira z'ubucuruzi bwo hagati muri Afrika.

Ubushakashatsi bwiwe bwarongereje cane ubumenyi bw'ivy'isi, ubw'amateka n'ubw'indimi bwo muri ico gihe. Hagati ya 1857 na 1858, yasohoye igitabu ciwe gihambaye citwa Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, kigizwe n'ibice bitanu. Ico gitabu cabaye kimwe mu bitabu bikomeye ku bijanye na Afrika yo mu karere ka Sahara na Sudani.

9. Samuel White Baker (1821-1893)

Samuel White Baker yavukiye i Londres ku wa 8 Ruheshi (6) 1821. Yari umushakashatsi, umusirikare, umuhinga mu vy'ibinyabuzima n'umwanditsi w'Umwongereza. Yarungitswe n'umutegetsi wa Misiri w'ico gihe Khédive Ismaïl yongera ashigikirwa na Royal Geographical Society, kugira ngo aje muri Afrika kwagura ubumenyi kw'amasoko y'uruzi Nil, yongere agire uruhara mu kurwanya urudandazwa rw'abaja muri Afrika yo mu karere ka 'Équateur'.

Mu 1864, inyuma yo guhura n'abashakashatsi John Hanning Speke na James Augustus Grant, yabandanije ubushakashatsi bwiwe maze ashika ku kiyaga Albert. Yerekanye ko Nil yera ica muri ico kiyaga kinini, ivyo bikaba vyabaye intererano ikomeye mu gutahura amasoko y'uruzi Nil.

Mu 1869, Khédive Ismaïl yamugize buramatari w'akarere ka Équatoria maze amushinga igikorwa co kurwanya urudandaza rw'abaja no kwagura ubutegetsi bwa Misiri utera uja mu bumanuko. Naho yari afise uburyo buke, Baker yarahanganye n'imirwi yagira uruhara mu rudandazwa rw'abaja hamwe n'abanyagihugu batashaka ubwo butegetsi.

Inyuma y'imyaka itari mike ari muri Afrika, yahavuye asubiye i Buraya maze asohora ibitabu vyinshi bivuga ku ngendo ziwe, harimwo The Albert N'Yanza, The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, Ismailia na In the Heart of Africa. Ivyo bitabu vyarimwo indondabihugu, insobanuro z'ivyo yihweje, hamwe n'inkuru z'ingendo zo gutohoza, maze biba ibitabu vy'akarorero ku basomyi b'Abanyaburaya bo muri ico gihe.

Samuel White Baker yapfuye ku wa 30 Kigarama 1893 i Sandford Orleigh, mu Bwongereza.

10. Alexandre de Serpa Pinto (1846-1900)

Alexandre de Serpa Pinto yavutse ku wa 20 Ndamukiza(4) 1846 mu ntara ya Viseu, muri Portugal. Yari umusirikare, umushakashatsi n'umutegetsi w'umukoroni. Yarungitswe na reta ya Portugal maze ashika muri Mozambique mu 1869 kugira ngo atohoze ibice vy'imbere muri Afrika y'ubumanuko, yongere akomeze imigambi ya Portugal yo kwigarurira uturere.

Hagati ya 1877 na 1879, yaratunganije urugendo rwiwe rwamenyekanye kuruta izindi. Yavuye i Benguela muri Angola ari kumwe na Hermenegildo Capelo na Roberto Ivens, ariko mu nyuma abandanya ari wenyene igice kinini c'urugendo. Yaciye mu biyaya vy'inzuzi Congo na Zambèze, gushika i Pretoria muri Afrika y'Epfo. Urwo rugendo rwarongereje cane ubumenyi bw'Abanyaburaya ku bijanye na Afrika y'ubumanuko.

Mu 1881, yasohoye igitabu 'Comment j'ai traversé l'Afrique' (Como Eu Atravessei a África), kidondora mu buryo buramvuye urugendo rwiwe. Ico gitabu carakunzwe cane mu bihugu bitandukanye. Muri uwo mwaka nyene, Royal Geographical Society yamwambitse umudari ufise agaciro ko ku rugero rwo hejuru uzwi nka 'Founder's Medal' mu kumushimira ku ntererano yiwe mu bikorwa vyo gutohoza isi.

Ingendo ziwe hagati ya Angola, Mozambique na Malawi zashimangiye ivyo Portugal yavuga ko utwo turere ari utwayo mu gihe ibihugu vyo ku mugabane wa Buraya vyari mu gisa no gusiganirwa kugabura Afrika. Ivyo vyatumye haba ukudahuza hagati ya Portugal n'Ubwongereza. Ubwongereza bwaranarungikiye gasopo Portugal mu 1890.

Serpa Pinto yapfuye ku wa 28 Kigarama 1900.